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Stroke is a rapid disorder of brain blood circulation leading to the infarction (mortifying) of brain’s part. Stroke is the second “murderer” following myocardium heart attack according to the fatal outputs frequency.The well-known people who died of a stroke: Johann Sebastian Bach, Vladimir Ilich Lenin, Andrey Mironov, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, Federiko Fellini.

Nowadays stroke is becoming the basic socially-medical problem of neurology. Annually in the world a cerebral stroke is transmitted by about 6 million persons. Early 30-day lethality after stroke makes 35 %. Within a year about 50 % of patients dies. Stroke is one of the principal causes of the disability of the population. More than 80 % of survived patients become invalids. Among all kinds of a stroke ischemic lesions of a brain prevail. Ischemic strokes make 70-85 % of cases, hemorrhages in a brain – 20-25 % of cases, nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages – 5 % of cases.

The ischemic stroke or brain infarction arises more often in patients who are senior than 60 years and have got myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart diseases, breach of heart rate and conductivity, diabetes mellitus in anamnesis. A big role in development of an ischemic stroke is played by disorders of rheological properties of blood and a pathology of the main arteries. The disease is characterized by its development at night without consciousness loss. The ischemic stroke more often develops during narrowing or corking of the arteries feeding brain cells. Without receiving necessary oxygen and nutrients, brain cells perish.

Hemorrhagic stroke or hemorrhage in a brain arises more often at the age of 45-60 years. The anamnesis of such patients includes hypertensive illness, a cerebral atherosclerosis or a combination of these diseases, an arterial symptomatic hypertensia, disease of blood, etc. Usually a stroke develops suddenly in the afternoon with underlying of an emotional or physical overstrain. More often hypertensive illness (80-85 % of cases) is the reason of cerebral haemorrhage. Less often hemorrhages are caused by an atherosclerosis, blood diseases, inflammatory changes of brain vessels, an intoxication, avitaminosises and other reasons.

More often hemorrhages happen at the age of 30-60 years. Smoking, chronic alcoholism, unitary use of alcohol in considerable quantities, arterial hypertensia and superfluous weight of a body are named among risk development factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage. It can happen spontaneously usually owing to rupture arterial aneurysms (according to various data they make from 50 to 85 % of cases), or the result of a craniocereberal trauma.

Computer-Aided Tomography (CAT) and Magnetic resonance Tomography (MRT) are the most important diagnostic researches during a stroke. In most cases CAT allows to distinguish accurately "a fresh" cerebral hemorrhage from other types of strokes. МRТ is more preferable for revealing of the areas of an ischemia, an estimation of diffusion of ischemic damage and penumbra (it is especially important at the first 12-24 hours of disease when the ischemic stroke can be not defined by CAT method ).

Patients seldom perish directly from a stroke. Usually stroke in the paralysed patients is added by pneumonia and bedsores what needs a permanent care, an overturn from one side to the other one, changes of wet linen, feeding, purgation, vibrotherapeutics of a thorax.

Stroke treatment includes carrying out of a course of vascular therapy, use of the preparations improving a brain exchange, oxygen therapy and regenerative treatment (rehabilitation, namely physiotherapy exercises, physiotherapeutic treatment, massage).

Stem cells transplantation during stroke is directed to stimulation of patient’s stem nervous cells which as it was found out recently are in each person, though earlier it was considered that nervous cells are not restored. Growth factors introduced with implanted neural stem cells stimulate stem cells in a brain of the patient, "force" them to reproduce and replace the neurons of the damaged part of a brain. Besides, transplanted neural stem cells can build in and differentiate in mature nerve cells replacing necrotic neurons of the patient. Unfortunately, stem cells transplantation is possible only at an ischemic stroke and it gives good results in early terms after a stroke (1-3 days). It creates problems as during this period the patient is nontransportable and to render medical care the emergency team of experts is necessary. The more the period of time from the moment of a stroke before the neural stem cells transplantation is, the less the clinical effect is expressed. To prevent the rejection of the implanted neural stem cells the transplantation of mesenchymal and hemopoietic stem cells is carried out simultaneously.

Clinical example. Patient К., 67 years, had had an ischemic stroke with underlying hypertensive illness 6 months before the admission to the Institute of cellular therapy. At hospitalisation the main complaints concerned motility disturbance because of left-side hemiparesis. Patient moves unassisted with a crutch, walks hardly. Arterial pressure was stabilised after a stroke. Treatment has been undergone: the transplantation of mesenchymal and hemopoietic stem cells, a seven-day course of injections of a placenta. In 4 months motor function considerably improved. Besides, the patient noted the distinct rejuvenating effect. Before treatment the patient was in menopause (12 years). In 3 months after stem cells transplantation the menstruation appeared, ultrasonic scanning at the gynaecologist revealed functionally active follicles, hormonal examination showed the level of sex hormones corresponding to that of a young woman at a fertile age.